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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound 30/45MHZ System
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Fetal Heart Rate Fragmentation.

Matilde Costa1, Mariana Xavier1, Inês Nunes2,3,4

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Frontiers in Pediatrics
|September 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New heart rate fragmentation (HRF) indices show promise for detecting fetal acidemia during labor. These biomarkers, including PIP, IASL, and PSS, can identify pathological patterns in fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings, aiding in avoiding adverse perinatal outcomes.

Keywords:
acidemiafetal heart ratefragmentationshort-term variabilitysymbolic dynamicsumbilical cord pH

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Fetal Physiology
  • Biomedical Signal Processing

Background:

  • Intrapartum fetal monitoring aims to prevent adverse outcomes like hypoxia/acidosis without increasing interventions.
  • Heart Rate Fragmentation (HRF) indices are emerging biomarkers for analyzing heart rate variability.
  • Evaluating fetal acidemia using novel HRF indices in intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) traces is an area of active research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the efficacy of HRF indices in detecting fetal acidemia from intrapartum FHR recordings.
  • To compare the performance of HRF indices at different sampling frequencies (4 Hz vs. 2 Hz).
  • To explore the correlation between HRF indices and established fetal heart rate variability measures.

Main Methods:

  • Applied four HRF indices (PIP, IASL, PSS, PAS) and symbolic analysis to 246 FHR recordings (39 acidemic cases).
  • Analyzed FHR data sampled at both 4 Hz and 2 Hz.
  • Correlated HRF indices with traditional Sispoto variability measures, particularly short-term variability.

Main Results:

  • At 4 Hz, PIP, IASL, and PSS were significantly higher in acidemic fetuses; specific symbolic patterns (' ', ' ') were lower.
  • At 2 Hz, IASL, W0, and ' ' showed significant differences between acidemic and normal fetuses.
  • HRF indices demonstrated correlation with short-term variability, suggesting detection of pathological FHR patterns.

Conclusions:

  • HRF indices show potential for real-time detection of fetal acidemia during labor.
  • The optimal sampling frequency for these indices requires further investigation.
  • These novel indices offer a straightforward approach for intrapartum fetal monitoring and may enhance diagnostic capabilities when combined with other methods.