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Light Acquisition

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

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Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach

Published on: July 3, 2020

Fruit tree crop models: an update.

Francesca Grisafi¹, Theodore M DeJong², Sergio Tombesi¹

¹Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza 29122, Italy.

Tree Physiology

|September 20, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Functional structural plant models simulate tree crop growth by integrating 3D architecture and physiology. This review highlights their strengths and limitations, emphasizing areas needing further research for improved fruit tree crop modeling.

Keywords:

FSPM architecture physiology plant modeling tree crops

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Area of Science:

Agricultural Science
Plant Biology
Computational Biology

Background:

Functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) simulate tree crop growth and development using in silico 3D architecture and physiological processes.
These models typically integrate photosynthesis, carbon allocation, and growth, but often omit water and nutrient uptake.
Root architecture simulation remains a significant challenge due to data limitations and experimental difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review functional-structural models of fruit tree crops.
To highlight the physiological components integrated into these models.
To assess the potential and limitations of current FSPMs and identify future research directions.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on functional-structural plant models in fruit tree crops.
Analysis of techniques used for simulating 3D plant architecture (e.g., L-systems, pipe models).
Evaluation of integrated physiological processes and limitations in root system modeling.

Main Results:

FSPMs offer valuable insights into tree crop development by linking architecture and physiology.
Key physiological processes like photosynthesis and carbon allocation are commonly modeled.
Significant challenges persist in accurately simulating root system architecture and function.

Conclusions:

Functional-structural models are powerful tools for understanding fruit tree crop dynamics.
Further research is needed to incorporate water/nutrient uptake and improve root system modeling.
Addressing these limitations will enhance the predictive power of FSPMs for fruit tree crops.