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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

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Exposing Structural Variations in SARS-CoV-2 Evolution.

Jiaan Yang1, Peng Zhang1, Wen Xiang Cheng1

  • 1Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Research Square
|September 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

SARS-CoV-2 mutations alter viral structure and function, impacting human cell entry and vaccine effectiveness. Structural analysis reveals key changes in the spike protein driving viral evolution and disease severity.

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Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro
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Area of Science:

  • Virology and Structural Biology
  • Molecular Evolution

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 mutations affect viral physicochemical properties and folding conformations, influencing function.
  • Investigating these functional changes is challenging due to limitations in structural analysis methods.
  • Understanding viral evolution and its impact on disease severity requires detailed structural insights.

Approach:

  • Utilized advanced protein structure fingerprint technology to analyze mutation-induced conformational changes.
  • Integrated protein sequences, folding conformations, and alignments of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and key variants (UK, India).
  • Focused on structural variations within the spike protein, particularly at the ACE2 binding interface.

Key Points:

  • Structural variations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at the ACE2 binding interface are critical for viral entry into human cells.
  • These structural changes influence the effectiveness of vaccines and antiviral drugs.
  • Analysis demonstrates gradual evolution of the coronavirus in both structure and function.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibit structural changes that enhance viral function and contribute to increased disease severity globally.
  • Spike protein structural variations are key drivers of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, impacting its interaction with host cells and therapeutic interventions.