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Published on: April 7, 2021
Epidemiology and Outcomes of ARDS After Pediatric Trauma
Roel Ln Huijsmans1,2,3, Elizabeth Y Killien4,5, Luke Ph Leenen6,7
1University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. r.l.n.huijsmans@gmail.com.
Insights
Pediatric trauma patients admitted to the ICU have a 4.2% incidence of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Trauma-associated ARDS has higher mortality, often due to multi-system organ failure.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
- Trauma Surgery
- Respiratory Medicine
Background:
- Recent studies suggest a potentially higher incidence and mortality of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in pediatric trauma patients.
- This systematic review addresses the incidence, risk factors, prognostic factors, and outcomes of ARDS following pediatric trauma in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the existing literature on ARDS in pediatric trauma patients admitted to the ICU.
- To determine the incidence, identify risk and prognostic factors, and outline the outcomes of ARDS in this specific patient population.
Main Methods:
- A systematic literature search was conducted up to April 2020 across medical databases.
- Nine studies were included, with data extracted and quality assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
- A meta-analysis was not performed due to heterogeneity in ARDS criteria and overlapping cohorts.
Main Results:
- The incidence of ARDS in pediatric trauma ICU patients was 1.8%-7.6% using adult criteria and 4.2% using pediatric criteria.
- Mortality rates ranged from 7.6% to 22.9% (adult criteria) and 11.1% to 34.0% (pediatric criteria).
- Risk factors included injury severity, abnormal vital signs, and low Glasgow Coma Scale scores; ARDS increased ventilation duration and length of ICU/hospital stay.
Conclusions:
- The incidence of ARDS in pediatric trauma ICU patients (4.2%) is comparable to the general pediatric ICU population (3.2%).
- However, mortality for trauma-associated ARDS is higher and primarily attributed to multi-system organ failure rather than hypoxemia.
Background:
Results of recent studies suggest that the incidence and mortality of ARDS may be higher than previously thought in pediatric trauma patients. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on incidence, risk factors, prognostic factors, and outcomes of ARDS after pediatric trauma in the ICU.
Methods:
Medical literature databases were searched up to April 2020. Guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses were followed. Articles that reported quantitative data with regard to the incidence, risk factors, prognostic factors, mortality, or other outcomes for ARDS in subjects with pediatric trauma admitted to the ICU were included. Two authors independently screened and assessed eligibility of all identified studies, collected data, and assessed the methodological quality of selected studies. Data extraction was performed by using a standardized data extraction sheet. Quality assessment was performed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cohort studies. A meta-analysis was not performed because the studies used overlapping cohorts or different ARDS criteria.
Results:
Nine studies were included. The incidence was reported in 4 studies, risk factors in 1, mortality in 7, and other outcomes in 2. The largest cohort included 148,749 subjects from a national trauma database. The ARDS incidence was 1.8%-7.6% when using adult ARDS criteria, with 1.8% in the largest cohort, and 4.2% when using pediatric ARDS criteria. Mortality was 7.6%-22.9% when using adult ARDS criteria and 11.1%-34.0% when using the pediatric ARDS criteria. Identified risk factors included mechanism of injury, higher injury severity scores, abnormal breathing frequencies, and lower Glasgow coma scale scores at hospital presentation. ARDS was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation, longer ICU and hospital length of stay, and a higher likelihood of requiring post-discharge care.
Conclusions:
The ARDS incidence of 4.2% in the subjects with pediatric trauma in the ICU was comparable with 3.2% in the general pediatric ICU population; however, mortality associated with trauma-associated ARDS was higher and more commonly due to multi-system organ failure rather than hypoxemia.
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