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Updated: Oct 19, 2025
Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies
Published on: August 29, 2017
Approaches in broadening the neutralizing antibody response of the influenza vaccine
Ruiqi Zhang1, Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung1
1Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Introduction:
Influenza vaccine is the mainstay for influenza prevention and elicits immune response and antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies against influenza virus. However, antigenic drift and shift can confer influenza virus to escape from the immune response induced by vaccine, and then reduce the vaccine effectiveness.
Areas Covered:
To improve effect and neutralizing antibody response of vaccine for heterologous influenza virus, a literature review of preclinical and clinical studies published before August 2021 and searched in PubMed, which evaluated vaccine effectiveness improved by adjuvants and administration route.
Expert Opinion:
The review showed that adjuvant, including imiquimod, GLA, MF59, and AS03, can improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines by regulating immune system. Subjects receiving influenza vaccine combined with these adjuvants showed enhanced antibody response against homologous and heterologous virus strains compared to those vaccinated without adjuvant. This review also discussed the role of intradermal vaccination. In contrast to intramuscular vaccination, intradermal vaccination elicited a robust and prolonged antibody response against vaccine strains and drifted virus than intramuscular vaccination.
