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Updated: Oct 19, 2025
Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Published on: June 16, 2014
Chronic kidney disease measures for cardiovascular risk prediction
Yejin Mok1, Shoshana H Ballew1, Kunihiro Matsushita1
1Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, USA.
Insights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Incorporating CKD measures like glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria into risk models can personalize prevention strategies.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Cardiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15-20% of adults globally.
- CKD is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including heart failure.
- Current clinical guidelines lack consensus on integrating CKD measures for CVD risk prediction.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the association between CKD and CVD subtypes.
- To explore pathophysiological mechanisms linking CKD and CVD.
- To introduce the concept of a "CKD Add-on" for improved CVD risk prediction.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of CKD definition, staging, and CVD associations.
- Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms.
- Evaluation of CKD's role in current CVD risk prediction guidelines.
Main Results:
- CKD is linked to severe CVD subtypes, independent of diabetes and hypertension.
- Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria are key CKD indicators.
- Existing risk models do not fully utilize CKD measures for personalized CVD prevention.
Conclusions:
- Integrating CKD measures into CVD risk prediction is crucial for personalized care.
- The "CKD Add-on" concept offers a novel approach to refine risk assessment.
- Optimizing CVD risk management requires accounting for CKD status.
Abstract:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15-20% of adults globally and causes various complications, one of the most important being cardiovascular disease (CVD). CKD has been associated with many CVD subtypes, especially severe ones like heart failure, independent of potential confounders such as diabetes and hypertension. There is no consensus in major clinical guidelines as to how to incorporate the two key measures of CKD (glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria) for CVD risk prediction. This is a critical missed opportunity to appropriately refine predicted risk and personalize prevention therapies according to CKD status, particularly since these measures are often already evaluated in clinical care. In this review, we provide an overview of CKD definition and staging, the subtypes of CVD most associated with CKD, major pathophysiological mechanisms, and the current state of CKD as a predictor of CVD in major clinical guidelines. We will introduce the novel concept of a "CKD Add-on", which allows the incorporation of CKD measures in existing risk prediction models, and the implications of taking into account CKD in the management of CVD risk.
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