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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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First Direct Measurement of an Astrophysical p-Process Reaction Cross Section Using a Radioactive Ion Beam.

G Lotay1, S A Gillespie2, M Williams2,3

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|September 24, 2021
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Researchers directly measured the ^{83}Rb(p,γ) reaction cross section, crucial for understanding nucleosynthesis in supernovae. The findings suggest ^{84}Sr abundance is higher than predicted, highlighting the need for more experiments on unstable nuclei.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear astrophysics
  • Experimental nuclear physics
  • Supernova nucleosynthesis

Background:

  • The p-process is responsible for synthesizing heavy elements heavier than iron.
  • Understanding the production of strontium-84 (^{84}Sr) in core-collapse supernovae requires precise knowledge of reaction cross sections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform the first direct measurement of the ^{83}Rb(p,γ) radiative capture reaction cross section.
  • To investigate the impact of this reaction on ^{84}Sr abundance in the astrophysical p-process.
  • To compare experimental data with theoretical predictions from statistical models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized inverse kinematics with a radioactive ^{83}Rb beam.
  • Conducted measurements at incident energies of 2.4 and 2.7 MeV/nucleon.
  • Determined the cross section at an effective center-of-mass energy of 2.393 MeV.

Main Results:

  • The measured ^{83}Rb(p,γ) cross section at E_{cm}=2.393 MeV is lower than statistical model predictions.
  • This experimental result implies a higher abundance of ^{84}Sr produced during the astrophysical p-process than previously calculated.
  • Discrepancies highlight limitations in current theoretical models for unstable projectile reactions.

Conclusions:

  • The direct measurement provides critical data for refining astrophysical models of nucleosynthesis.
  • The study underscores the importance of experimental investigations into p-process reactions involving unstable isotopes.
  • Further research is necessary to accurately determine the production yields of p-process elements in supernovae.