Computational methods for RNA modification detection from nanopore direct RNA sequencing data

The covalent modification of RNA molecules is a pervasive feature of all classes of RNAs and has fundamental roles in the regulation of several cellular processes. Mapping the location of RNA modifications transcriptome-wide is key to unveiling their role and dynamic behaviour, but technical limitations have often hampered these efforts. Nanopore direct RNA sequencing is a third-generation sequencing technology that allows the sequencing of native RNA molecules, thus providing a direct way to detect modifications at single-molecule resolution. Despite recent advances, the analysis of nanopore sequencing data for RNA modification detection is still a complex task that presents many challenges. Many works have addressed this task using different approaches, resulting in a large number of tools with different features and performances. Here we review the diverse approaches proposed so far and outline the principles underlying currently available algorithms.