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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Abdomen II: Percussion01:18

Assessment of the Abdomen II: Percussion

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Percussion is a fundamental technique used to assess the liver, spleen, and abdominal organs by tapping the abdomen and interpreting the resulting sounds. This method helps identify fluid, distention, and masses through variations in sound, such as the high-pitched tympany of air-filled areas and the dullness of solid masses. Understanding how to percuss these organs provides valuable information for healthcare professionals in diagnosing conditions early.
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Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
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Instruments for assisted vaginal birth.

Ganga L Verma1, Jessica J Spalding2, Marc D Wilkinson2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|September 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Assisted vaginal births using forceps may increase success but also perineal trauma compared to vacuum cups. Rigid vacuum cups may be more effective than soft cups, but with increased fetal trauma. Further research is needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Surgical Instruments in Obstetrics

Background:

  • Assisted vaginal births expedite delivery but carry risks for mother and baby.
  • Instruments like forceps and vacuum cups are used, with choices influenced by clinical factors and operator preference.
  • This review evaluates the comparative effectiveness and safety of different assisted vaginal birth instruments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the success rates of achieving vaginal birth with different assisted delivery instruments.
  • To assess the risks of maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with forceps versus vacuum cups.
  • To evaluate variations in outcomes between different types of vacuum cups (rigid vs. soft, handheld vs. other).

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  • Searched multiple clinical trial registries and databases up to May 2021.
  • Included 31 RCTs with 5754 women, assessing outcomes like failed delivery, maternal trauma, perineal tears, postpartum hemorrhage, and neonatal trauma.

Main Results:

  • Forceps may reduce failed vaginal births and fetal trauma but increase maternal perineal trauma and pain relief needs compared to vacuum cups (low certainty evidence).
  • Rigid vacuum cups may have higher success rates than soft cups but with more fetal trauma (low certainty evidence).
  • Handheld vacuum cups showed similar success rates to other vacuum types, with no clear differences in maternal trauma or postpartum hemorrhage.

Conclusions:

  • Forceps may be more effective for vaginal birth but carry higher risks of perineal trauma.
  • Rigid vacuum cups may offer better success rates than soft cups, but with potential for increased fetal trauma.
  • Evidence for differences in severe perineal tears and postpartum hemorrhage between cup types is inconclusive, necessitating further research.