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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
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Human herpesvirus-encoded MicroRNA in host-pathogen interaction.

Araceli Valverde1, Alexandra Seal1, Salvador Nares1

  • 1Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States.

Advances in Biological Regulation
|September 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human herpesviruses (HHV) utilize viral microRNAs (v-miRs) to evade host defenses and establish lifelong infections. These v-miRs play crucial roles in viral persistence, disease, and can be targeted for diagnostics and therapeutics.

Keywords:
ApoptosisCancerDiagnosticsHuman herpesvirusViral miRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human herpesviruses (HHV) are widespread viruses establishing lifelong latency and evading host immunity.
  • Viral microRNAs (v-miRs), encoded by HHV, are key evolutionary adaptations for host-pathogen interaction.
  • v-miRs are non-coding RNAs that modulate cellular and viral processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding HHV-encoded v-miRs.
  • To delineate the mechanistic roles of v-miRs in viral persistence, tropism, and host-pathogen interactions.
  • To explore the potential of v-miRs as diagnostic/prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of functional characterization of HHV v-miRs.
  • Analysis of v-miR mechanisms in targeting host and viral genes.
  • Examination of v-miR involvement in immune-mediated diseases and malignancies.

Main Results:

  • v-miRs are disseminated via exosomes, aiding HHV in modulating the host microenvironment.
  • v-miRs target genes involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell migration, latency, and reactivation.
  • v-miRs are implicated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neurological disorders, periodontal diseases, and herpesvirus-related cancers.

Conclusions:

  • v-miRs are critical effectors in HHV pathogenesis, influencing viral persistence and disease outcomes.
  • v-miR levels offer potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various diseases.
  • Targeting v-miRs presents a promising therapeutic strategy for herpesvirus-related conditions.