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Fear of predators shapes marine life. This study shows that pelagic animals exhibit avoidance behaviors at various timescales, influencing vertical migration and ecosystem processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine ecology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • Fear of predation significantly impacts ecological dynamics, particularly in the pelagic zone.
  • Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a key process driven by predation risk but is underrepresented in "landscape of fear" frameworks.
  • The pelagic zone's vastness and vertical gradients necessitate understanding predator-prey interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate behavioral reactions of pelagic animals to predators using long-term acoustic and sonar data.
  • To assess the influence of predation risk on animal behavior across different spatiotemporal scales.
  • To integrate the "landscape of fear" concept into pelagic ecosystem dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Continuous, year-long acoustic and sonar data collection from a cabled observatory.
  • Analysis of echosounder and hydrophone records to identify animal avoidance behaviors.
  • Observation of reactions of mesopelagic sound-scattering layers and zooplankton to predators like odontocetes and fish schools.

Main Results:

  • Diel vertical migration (DVM) was observed, alongside shorter and longer-timescale behaviors attributable to predation fear.
  • Foraging odontocetes triggered immediate diving responses in mesopelagic layers.
  • Epipelagic fish schools induced avoidance in zooplankton and mesopelagic micronekton, and altered DVM patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral responses to predation risk are prevalent in the pelagic zone across diverse scales.
  • Predation fear influences pelagic food webs and biogeochemical cycling.
  • Accounting for fear is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of pelagic ecosystems.