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Related Concept Videos

Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Head and neck cancer.

Mayur D Mody1, James W Rocco2, Sue S Yom3

  • 1Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
|September 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Head and neck cancers, often squamous cell carcinoma, are a global challenge. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach tailored to specific sites and histologies, with ongoing research focused on improving patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • Head and neck cancer is the seventh most common malignancy globally, affecting the upper aerodigestive tract.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant histology, with tobacco, alcohol, and viruses (HPV, EBV) as key risk factors.
  • These malignancies present complex treatment challenges, necessitating a multidisciplinary strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of head and neck cancer.
  • To focus on established treatment principles for these malignancies.
  • To discuss emerging directions for enhancing patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical understanding of head and neck cancer.
  • Analysis of established treatment modalities including surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy.
  • Exploration of site-specific and histology-specific treatment variations.

Main Results:

  • Head and neck cancers are diverse, with squamous cell carcinoma being most common.
  • Risk factors are well-defined, including lifestyle choices and viral infections.
  • Multidisciplinary treatment is essential for locally advanced disease.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment strategies must be individualized based on cancer site and histology.
  • Continued research and exploration of novel therapeutic approaches are crucial.
  • Improving patient outcomes remains a primary goal in managing head and neck malignancies.