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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Non-Coding RNAs in COVID-19: Emerging Insights and Current Questions.

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Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a crucial role in severe COVID-19 by regulating key pathological processes. Understanding these interactions is vital for developing future treatments for coronavirus disease 2019.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the COVID-19 pandemic, characterized by complex immunopathology.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), previously overlooked, are increasingly recognized for their regulatory roles in biological processes.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the involvement of ncRNAs in the immune response to viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and evaluate the current evidence on the involvement of short and long ncRNAs in COVID-19 pathogenesis.
  • To explore the potential roles of ncRNAs in regulating key hallmarks of severe COVID-19, including cytokine storm, hemostasis, immune cell recruitment, and vascular dysregulation.
  • To propose hypotheses for future research into the mechanistic and clinical implications of ncRNA-host and ncRNA-virus interactions in COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and evidence synthesis.
  • Analysis of existing studies on ncRNA function in viral infections and immune responses.
  • Comparative evaluation of short and long ncRNAs in the context of COVID-19 pathology.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs are implicated in regulating critical aspects of severe COVID-19, such as cytokine storm syndrome, hemostatic alterations, immune cell recruitment, and vascular dysregulation.
  • Evidence suggests potential interactions between host and viral ncRNAs, as well as interactions with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), influencing disease progression.
  • Both short ncRNAs (e.g., microRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) demonstrate significant roles in modulating the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are integral to the immunopathology of severe COVID-19, acting as key regulators of disease mechanisms.
  • Further investigation into ncRNA-mediated host-virus interactions is warranted to elucidate specific molecular pathways.
  • Understanding the functional roles of ncRNAs in COVID-19 may lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.