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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Author Spotlight: The Box-Cavity Cortical Approach for Enhanced Evaluation of Biomaterials and Bone Regeneration

Author Spotlight: The Box-Cavity Cortical Approach for Enhanced Evaluation of Biomaterials and Bone Regeneration

Published on: November 21, 2023

Development of a crushable foam model for human trabecular bone.

Navid Soltanihafshejani¹, Thom Bitter¹, Dennis Janssen¹

¹Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Medical Engineering & Physics

|September 27, 2021

Summary

A new crushable foam (CF) model accurately simulates human trabecular bone mechanics, predicting post-yield behavior crucial for finite element (FE) analysis of orthopaedic implants.

Keywords:

Crushable foam model Experimental testing Finite element analysis Human trabecular bone Yield surface

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Orthopaedics

Background:

Finite element (FE) simulations require accurate material models for predicting human bone mechanical behavior.
Understanding post-yield behavior is critical for simulating press-fit implant fixation.
The crushable foam (CF) model is a novel constitutive model proposed for trabecular bone simulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate an isotropic crushable foam (CF) model for human trabecular bone.
To determine essential material parameters as a function of bone mineral density (BMD).
To assess the model's accuracy in simulating uniaxial and confined compression tests.

Main Methods:

Performed compression tests on 59 human trabecular bone specimens under uniaxial and confined conditions.
Obtained three essential material parameters based on bone mineral density (BMD).
Implemented the derived constitutive rule into FE models for simulation and comparison with experimental data.

Main Results:

The CF model accurately simulated uniaxial compression tests, with well-matched post-yield stress-strain behavior.
The model successfully reproduced the confined response of trabecular bone up to 15% strain.
Material parameters were successfully correlated with bone mineral density (BMD).

Conclusions:

The developed CF model provides an accurate simulation of human trabecular bone's mechanical behavior, particularly post-yield response under uniaxial loading.
This model enables realistic FE simulations for predicting orthopaedic implant fixation.
Future improvements could focus on simulating bone collapse under local overload conditions near implants.