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Related Concept Videos

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
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Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Related Experiment Video

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Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Dysfunction in Schizophrenia.

Youssuf Saleh1, Isaac Jarratt-Barnham2,3, Emilio Fernandez-Egea2,3

  • 1Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
|September 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia involve impaired reward processing and motivation, impacting learning and action selection. Objective behavioral and neural measures are key to understanding and treating these complex, treatment-resistant symptoms.

Keywords:
apathyeffort-based decision makingmotivated action selectionnegative symptomreward based learningschizophrenia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Negative symptoms are a core, treatment-resistant feature of schizophrenia.
  • Current understanding relies on subjective questionnaires, necessitating deeper endophenotyping.
  • Effort-based decision-making (EBDM) tasks reveal reward processing deficits linked to negative symptom severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review behavioral and neural evidence of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
  • To elucidate potential underlying mechanisms of negative symptoms.
  • To explore future therapeutic possibilities for negative symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on behavioral and neuroimaging studies.
  • Analysis of effort-based decision-making (EBDM) tasks.
  • Examination of reward processing, learning, and action selection in schizophrenia.

Main Results:

  • Schizophrenia exhibits impaired reward-based learning and action selection, despite intact hedonic responses.
  • Deficits are linked to dysfunction in brain networks like the ventral striatum and frontal regions.
  • Amotivation links to reward deficits may be influenced by cognitive factors or beliefs.

Conclusions:

  • Objective behavioral and neural measurements are crucial for endophenotyping negative symptoms.
  • Understanding motivation disorders requires transdiagnostic research, including neurological conditions.
  • Advancing treatment for negative symptoms necessitates a deeper mechanistic understanding.