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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
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Site-directed RNA editing: recent advances and open challenges.

Hamid Mansouri Khosravi1, Michael F Jantsch1

  • 1Center of Anatomy & Cell Biology Division of Cell & Developmental Biology Medical, Unviersity of Vienna Schwarzspanierstrasse Vienna, Austria.

RNA Biology
|September 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

RNA editing technologies offer transient gene correction, unlike permanent DNA editing. This review explores site-directed RNA editing approaches for potential therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA editing, mediated by cytosine and adenosine deaminases, alters RNA sequences by converting bases (C to U, A to I).
  • This base conversion can modify mRNA coding potential, impacting protein synthesis.
  • RNA editing's recoding potential is explored for correcting genetic mutations and influencing RNA splicing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of site-directed RNA editing technologies.
  • To compare the technical differences between various RNA editing approaches.
  • To discuss the advantages and challenges associated with these methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RNA editing mechanisms and technologies.
  • Analysis of site-directed RNA editing strategies.
  • Comparison of RNA editing with DNA editing approaches like CRISPR.

Main Results:

  • RNA editing provides transient modifications, mitigating risks associated with permanent DNA alterations.
  • RNA editing approaches demonstrate potential for therapeutic applications, including restoring genetic function.
  • FDA-approved RNA-based therapeutics highlight the viability of this modality.

Conclusions:

  • Site-directed RNA editing presents a promising, transient therapeutic strategy with a favorable safety profile.
  • Further development and understanding of RNA editing techniques are crucial for their clinical translation.
  • RNA editing offers a distinct advantage over DNA editing due to its reversible nature.