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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

1.6K
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
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Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
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Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19
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Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19

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Antibody therapy for COVID-19.

Lennart Hammarström1, Harold Marcotte2, Antonio Piralla3

  • 1Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NEO, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge.

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|September 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Monoclonal antibody therapy shows promise for treating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections when given early. While traditional passive immunotherapies have limited effects, newer antibody combinations offer better therapeutic potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, or COVID-19, has rapidly evolved.
  • Antibody therapy has emerged as a critical area of research for managing SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current advancements in antibody therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of different antibody-based treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical studies and findings on antibody therapies for COVID-19.
  • Analysis of passive immunotherapy, hyperimmune immunoglobulin, and monoclonal antibody treatments.

Main Results:

  • Classical passive immunotherapy, including plasma therapy and hyperimmune immunoglobulin (IgG), demonstrated limited clinical effectiveness.
  • Early administration of monoclonal antibody therapy showed promising results in treating SARS-CoV-2 infections.
  • Combinations of IgG monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike protein's receptor-binding domain are currently the most effective antibody therapy, with preliminary positive results also seen for Immunoglobulin A (IgA) dimers and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) pentamers.

Conclusions:

  • Monoclonal antibody therapy, particularly when initiated early, represents a significant advancement in managing SARS-CoV-2 infections.
  • Further exploration of antibody therapy combinations, including IgA and IgM, is warranted for optimizing COVID-19 treatment strategies.