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A phylotranscriptomic framework for flesh fly evolution (Diptera, Calyptratae, Sarcophagidae).

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The Sarcophagidae (flesh flies) originated in the Americas, with sarcosaprophagy as their ancestral larval feeding habit. Their feeding strategies evolved alongside diverse breeding behaviors, leading to specialized diets like kleptoparasitism.

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Area of Science:

  • Insect evolutionary biology
  • Dipteran phylogeny
  • Molecular systematics

Background:

  • Sarcophagidae (flesh flies) are a diverse and widespread group of Calyptratae (Diptera).
  • Larval feeding habits within Sarcophagidae are highly varied, encompassing sarcosaprophagy, coprophagy, herbivory, predation, and kleptoparasitism.
  • Understanding the evolutionary history and geographic origins of these feeding strategies is crucial for comprehending flesh fly diversification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To infer the phylogenetic backbone of Sarcophagidae using transcriptomic data.
  • To reconstruct the geographic origin and evolutionary trajectory of flesh fly life-history traits.
  • To determine the ancestral larval feeding habit and trace the evolution of feeding diversity within the family.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood on transcriptomic data from 26 sarcophagid species and 15 outgroups.
  • Construction of supermatrices with varying gene coverage and data types (MARE-improved, 100% gene coverage, mitochondrial and nuclear genes).
  • Supertree approach combining new data with existing hypotheses to cover 84 genera, followed by ancestral state reconstructions.

Main Results:

  • The monophyly of Sarcophagidae is strongly supported, sister to {Mystacinobiidae + Oestridae}.
  • Subfamily relationships are resolved as {Sarcophaginae, (Paramacronychiinae + Miltogramminae)}.
  • Sarcophagidae and its subfamilies originated in the Americas; Sarcophaginae diversified in the Neotropics, while Miltogramminae and Paramacronychiinae radiated in the Palaearctic.

Conclusions:

  • Sarcosaprophagy is reconstructed as the ancestral larval feeding habit for Sarcophagidae and its subfamilies.
  • The ancestral flesh fly larva likely fed on dead invertebrates, with diet broadening alongside breeding strategy evolution.
  • Kleptoparasitism in Miltogramminae evolved from sarcosaprophagy, potentially originating from larvae feeding on buried vertebrate carrion.