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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist
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Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

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Synthetic receptors for logic gated T cell recognition and function.

Sylvain Simon1, Grace Bugos2, Alex I Salter3

  • 1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|September 27, 2021
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Engineered T cells offer cancer therapy but face challenges. Logic gates in T cells precisely target tumors and regulate functions, overcoming these barriers for better adoptive cell therapy outcomes.

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Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using engineered T cells is a promising cancer treatment.
  • Current limitations include toxicity, tumor antigen heterogeneity, and T cell dysfunction.
  • Advances in T cell engineering are needed to overcome these therapeutic barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in T cell engineering for cancer therapy.
  • To discuss the application of logic gates in T cells to enhance specificity and control effector functions.
  • To highlight how these engineered T cells can overcome current therapeutic challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on T cell engineering and synthetic biology.
  • Discussion of logic gate systems applied to T cells.
  • Analysis of how these systems address on-target/off-tumor toxicity and antigen escape.
  • Exploration of mechanisms for regulating T cell effector functions intrinsically and extrinsically.

Main Results:

  • T cell engineering has advanced significantly, enabling complex cellular functions.
  • Logic gates allow T cells to integrate multiple signals for precise tumor targeting.
  • Engineered T cells with logic gates can mitigate toxicity and overcome antigen heterogeneity.
  • These systems offer enhanced control over T cell effector functions.

Conclusions:

  • Logic gates represent a significant advancement in T cell engineering for cancer therapy.
  • This approach has the potential to overcome key barriers limiting current ACT efficacy.
  • Future development of logic-gated T cells promises more precise and safer cancer treatments.