Enhanced in vitro selective toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents for human cancer cells based on a metabolic defect

A metabolic defect that is prevalent in human cancer cell lines was exploited to selectively kill these cells without killing cocultured normal human fibroblasts. Methionine dependence, a metabolic defect seen only in cancer cells or immortalized cell lines in vitro, precludes the cells from growing in media in which methionine is replaced by its immediate precursor, homocysteine, a condition that allows the growth of all normal cell strains tested. The methionine-dependent cells become reversibly blocked in late S-G2 (i.e., late-S and G2 phases) under the above condition, a block that was exploited for selective chemotherapy against these cells. In cultures that were initiated with equal amounts of cancer cells and human diploid fibroblasts, substitution of homocysteine and doxorubicin for methionine in the culture medium followed by methionine repletion with vincristine was totally effective at selectively eliminating a methionine-dependent human sarcoma and 3 methionine-dependent human carcinomas. The above protocol was nearly totally effective against a partially methionine-independent revertant of the sarcoma. The chemotherapeutic procedure used was not lethal to normal cells growing alongside the tumor cells and was ineffective when conducted totally in methionine-containing medium. The optimal procedure was 10(-10) M doxorubicin in methionine-free, homocysteine-containing medium for 10 days followed by 2 x 10(-7) M vincristine in methionine-containing, homocysteine-free medium for 1 day, in turn followed by drug-free methionine-containing, homocysteine-free medium. These results demonstrate the potential for treatment of solid tumors with chemotherapy based on metabolic differences between normal and tumor cells.