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Related Concept Videos

Stress: General Loading Conditions01:15

Stress: General Loading Conditions

404
To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
The shearing force, possessing potential directionality within the plane of the section, is simplified into two component forces running parallel to the x and y axes....
404
Residual Stresses01:26

Residual Stresses

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Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
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Stress01:20

Stress

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When a force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation. In order to restore the body to its original shape and/or size, an opposite or restoring force is generated within the body. This restoring force is equal to the magnitude of the applied force, but acts in the opposite direction. The amount of this restoring force developed per unit area of the body is called stress. Stress is a tensor quantity and has the SI unit pascal. Stress can be separated into four broad categories depending...
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Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
Anchoring junctions mechanically attach a cell to the...
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Flexural Stress01:16

Flexural Stress

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When analyzing bending in symmetric members, it's crucial to understand how stresses distribute when subjected to bending moments. This stress distribution is effectively described by applying fundamental mechanics and material science principles, particularly Hooke's Law for elastic materials.
Hooke's Law states that within the material's elastic limits, stress is directly proportional to strain. In a member experiencing a bending moment, the strain at any point is relative to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

High-resolution Imaging of Nuclear Dynamics in Live Cells under Uniaxial Tensile Strain
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Elongational Stresses and Cells.

Kylie M Foster1, Dimitrios V Papavassiliou1, Edgar A O'Rear1

  • 1Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.

Cells
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extensional stresses, unlike shear forces, cause greater cell deformation. This finding is crucial for understanding cell injury in medical devices and has applications in diagnostics and biotechnology.

Keywords:
cell damagecell mechanicselongational flowelongational stresshemolysismicrofluidics

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cellular responses to fluid forces are critical in biology and medicine.
  • Shear stress is well-studied for cell deformation, but extensional stress is less understood.
  • Extensional stresses occur in medical devices, bioreactors, and blood circulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of extensional stresses on cell deformation.
  • To compare the cellular response to extensional versus shear stresses.
  • To explore applications of extensional flow in cell analysis and biotechnology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized microfluidic channels with various constriction geometries (hyperbolic, abrupt, tapered) and cross-flow.
  • Examined deformation of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and other cell types under controlled flow conditions.
  • Isolated and analyzed the impact of extensional flow on cellular mechanics.

Main Results:

  • Extensional stresses induce significantly larger cell deformation than shear stresses of equivalent magnitude.
  • Demonstrated cell sensitivity to extensional stress for mechanophenotyping.
  • Identified potential applications in diagnostics for cell deformability pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • Cells are more sensitive to extensional stress compared to shear stress.
  • Extensional flow analysis is valuable for assessing cell injury in artificial organs and bioreactors.
  • Further research into extensional stress effects on cells is warranted for broader applications.