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Related Concept Videos

Biofilms01:29

Biofilms

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Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Bacterial Phylum Verrucomicrobiota01:26

Bacterial Phylum Verrucomicrobiota

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The phylum Verrucomicrobiota comprises at least four characterized orders, with most species classified within the order Verrucomicrobiotales. Members of this phylum are either aerobic or facultatively aerobic, with the ability to ferment sugars. A notable exception is the genus Methylacidiphilum, which consists of aerobic methanotrophs. Additionally, some Verrucomicrobiota establish symbiotic relationships with protists. These bacteria are widely distributed across various environments,...
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Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi
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Biofilm Producing Enterococcus Isolates from Vaginal Microbiota.

Mallika Sengupta1, Soma Sarkar2, Manideepa SenGupta3

  • 1Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Kalyani, Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Enterococcus species are a common cause of vaginitis. Biofilm production in these isolates is a significant virulence factor, highlighting its role in infection.

Keywords:
biofilmmultidrug resistancevaginal discharge

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Science

Background:

  • Enterococcus species are significant pathogens causing infections in both hospital and community settings.
  • Vaginitis is a common condition where Enterococcus can be implicated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics of Enterococcus isolates from vaginitis cases.
  • To determine antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm production in these isolates.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study conducted over two years.
  • Identification using Gram stain, biochemical tests, and VITEK 2 Compact.
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing via disc diffusion and MIC determination.
  • Biofilm detection assays performed on isolates.

Main Results:

  • 39 Enterococcus isolates were identified from vaginitis cases (27 Enterococcus faecalis, 12 Enterococcus faecium).
  • All isolates demonstrated high susceptibility to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid.
  • Eight isolates (61.5%) exhibited biofilm production, with five strong and three moderate producers.

Conclusions:

  • Biofilm production is a key virulence factor in Enterococcus isolates associated with vaginitis.
  • Understanding these factors is crucial for managing Enterococcus-related vaginitis.