Neutralizing a Springboard for Inflammation: Physical Activity to Control the Immune Network

Area of Science:

• Exercise Science
• Immunology
• Public Health

Background:

• The COVID-19 pandemic's severe outcomes are linked to the pre-existing 'pandemic' of sedentary lifestyles.
• Individuals with obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes face worse prognoses after COVID-19 infection.
• There is a critical need to understand how exercise can bolster the immune system, especially in high-risk groups.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and evaluate exercise protocols aimed at strengthening the immune system.
• To identify exercise interventions suitable for all ages and physical conditions, even during restricted circumstances like lockdowns.
• To determine the timeframe for observing immune-boosting effects from exercise.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of previously published exercise protocols.
• Evaluation of exercise types ranging from interrupting prolonged sitting to high-intensity interval training.
• Analysis of reported direct, metabolic, and psychological effects of exercise on immune function.

Main Results:

• Various exercise protocols, including interrupting sitting, moderate exercise, and high-intensity interval training, positively impact immune function.
• Beneficial effects on immunity are observed either directly or indirectly through metabolic and psychological improvements.
• Measurable immune enhancements typically occur within 3 weeks to 3 months of consistent exercise.

Conclusions:

• Exercise interventions are highly relevant for strengthening the immune system and mitigating risks associated with COVID-19.
• An optimal, universally accessible exercise protocol can be designed to maximize immune benefits, adaptable even during lockdowns.
• Consistent exercise offers a viable strategy to improve immune resilience across diverse populations and physical capabilities.