Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii
Tadakimi Tomita1, Rebekah B Guevara1, Lamisha M Shah2
1Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 28, 2021
Summary
Toxoplasma gondii manipulates host immunity using secreted proteins to survive within cells. This review details parasite effectors targeting host defenses at various locations to ensure parasite transmission.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Parasitology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Toxoplasma gondii infects a third of humans, causing severe disease in immunocompromised individuals and congenital defects.
- Parasites must evade host immune responses while ensuring host survival for transmission.
Purpose of the Study:
- To comprehensively review secreted immunomodulatory effectors of Toxoplasma gondii.
- To examine effectors based on their site of action within the host cell.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on Toxoplasma gondii secreted effectors.
- Categorization of effectors by their subcellular localization (PV membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, tissue cysts).
Main Results:
- T. gondii secretes diverse effectors that suppress host immunity, including those targeting IFNγ-induced GTPases.
- Effectors are found at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, in the cytoplasm/ER, nucleus, and within tissue cysts.
- Specific examples include effectors that subvert host defenses and alter gene expression.
Conclusions:
- Toxoplasma gondii employs a sophisticated arsenal of secreted proteins to modulate host immunity.
- Understanding these effectors is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies against toxoplasmosis.
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