Synaptic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: A Red Thread from Inflammation to Network Disconnection.

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Neuroscience
• Pathophysiology

Background:

• Multiple sclerosis (MS) traditionally viewed as white matter inflammation.
• Emerging evidence highlights gray matter pathology and synaptic dysfunction in MS.
• Synaptic structures are vital for brain network function and information processing.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review literature on synaptic involvement in experimental and human MS.
• To elucidate mechanisms linking synaptic failure to brain network alterations.
• To understand synaptic contributions to MS disability and progression.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of experimental and human multiple sclerosis studies.
• Analysis of research on synaptic structure and function in MS.
• Synthesis of data on immune system interactions with synapses in MS.

Main Results:

• Synaptic structures are significantly affected in both gray and white matter in MS.
• Immune mediators in MS directly impact synaptic integrity and function.
• Synaptic alterations contribute to disrupted brain network dynamics and clinical symptoms.

Conclusions:

• Synaptic pathology is a key driver of disability in multiple sclerosis.
• Targeting synaptic dysfunction may offer new therapeutic strategies for MS.
• Understanding synaptic roles is crucial for managing MS progression and symptoms.