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Related Concept Videos

Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

250
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
250
Deleterious Substances in Aggregate01:25

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

294
Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
Another type of impurity is clay and fine material that...
294
Water Cement Ratio01:28

Water Cement Ratio

789
The water-cement ratio is pivotal in defining concrete's quality. This ratio, a balance between the weight of water and cement in the mix, shapes the concrete's strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. As identified by Abrams’ law, less water in the mix equates to stronger concrete. However, water is essential not only for the chemical process of hydration but also for the concrete's workability and compaction. While hydration chemically binds water and...
789
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

263
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
263
Abrasion Resistance of Concrete01:23

Abrasion Resistance of Concrete

274
Abrasion resistance is an essential characteristic of concrete that determines its durability and longevity under various wear conditions. Concrete surfaces are vulnerable to different types of abrasion. For instance, surfaces may wear down due to the constant movement of vehicles or be eroded by solids carried in water, as seen in concrete canal linings. Specific tests are conducted to measure the abrasion resistance of concrete.
One such test is the revolving disc test, where three plates...
274
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

444
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
444

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion
06:27

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion

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Experimental Study on Sand Stabilization Using Bio-Cementation with Wastepaper Fiber Integration.

Meiqi Chen1, Sivakumar Gowthaman2, Kazunori Nakashima3

  • 1Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Wastepaper fiber (WPF) enhances bio-cementation using microbially-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), improving soil ductility. However, excessive WPF content negatively impacts freeze-thaw durability due to fiber clustering.

Keywords:
calcium carbonatefreeze-thaw durabilitymechanical propertiesmicrobially-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)wastepaper fiber

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The Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste Plastic Fractions on Wood-Polymer Composite Properties
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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Green Materials
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Microbially-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a sustainable technique for soil improvement.
  • MICP enhances soil strength and stiffness by precipitating calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical properties of sand treated with MICP and wastepaper fiber (WPF).
  • To assess the freeze-thaw (FT) durability of MICP-treated sand with varying WPF content (0-8%).

Main Methods:

  • Soil treatment using MICP with varying WPF content.
  • Mechanical property testing (e.g., UCS).
  • Freeze-thaw (FT) durability assessment using shear wave velocity.
  • Microscale analysis of treated soil structure.

Main Results:

  • WPF addition increased soil ductility.
  • Optimal UCS was achieved with low WPF content.
  • WPF enhanced bacterial immobilization and CaCO3 precipitation.
  • High WPF content led to rapid deterioration under freeze-thaw cycles.
  • Microscale analysis revealed fiber clusters hindering particle contact bonding.

Conclusions:

  • Wastepaper fiber can be sustainably reused for bio-cementation.
  • WPF improves certain mechanical properties but can compromise freeze-thaw durability at higher concentrations.