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Related Concept Videos

Impact01:30

Impact

273
Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...
273
Types of Impact01:30

Types of Impact

732
Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
The coefficient of restitution is a metric for understanding the dynamics of impacts. It quantifies the ratio of relative velocity...
732
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials01:08

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

328
In analyzing a structural member composed of two different materials with identical cross-sectional areas, it is crucial to understand how their distinct elastic properties affect the member's response under load. The analysis involves assessing stress and strain distributions using the transformed section concept, which accounts for variations in material properties.
Hooke's Law determines stress in each material, stating that stress is proportional to strain but varies due to each...
328
Impact Loading01:19

Impact Loading

365
Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
In cases of elastic deformation,...
365
Impact Loading on a Cantilever Beam01:13

Impact Loading on a Cantilever Beam

554
The analysis of a cantilever beam with a circular cross-section subjected to impact loading at its free end illustrates the conversion of potential energy from a dropped object into kinetic energy, which is then absorbed by the beam as strain energy. This process is crucial for understanding how materials behave under dynamic loads, which is important in fields such as construction and aerospace.
When an object is dropped onto the free end of a cantilever, its potential energy due to gravity is...
554
Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

418
Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
418

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Fiber Composite Laminate Quality with the Wet Hand Lay-Up/Vacuum Bag Process
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Low Velocity Impact Localization of Variable Thickness Composite Laminates.

Guan Lu1, Yuchen Zhou1, Yiming Xu2

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel system for detecting low velocity impacts (LVI) in variable thickness composite laminates using fiber Bragg grating sensors. The developed method accurately locates impact damage, even without prior structural knowledge, ensuring structural integrity.

Keywords:
empirical mode decompositionfiber Bragg gratingimpact localizationthickness correctionvariable thickness composite laminateszero-mean normalized cross-correlation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Structural Health Monitoring
  • Composite Materials Engineering

Background:

  • Variable thickness composite laminates (VTCL) are prone to internal damage from low velocity impacts (LVI).
  • Accurate localization of impact damage in complex composite structures is challenging.
  • Existing methods often require prior knowledge of the structure, limiting their applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a low velocity impact (LVI) monitoring system for variable thickness composite laminates (VTCL).
  • To enable simultaneous impact signal monitoring and damage localization without requiring prior structural information.
  • To improve the accuracy and reliability of impact localization in complex composite structures.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of an optical fiber sensing network utilizing Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors.
  • Application of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for signal processing.
  • Development of an impact localization algorithm incorporating zero-mean normalized cross-correlation (ZNCC) and thickness correction.
  • Experimental verification of the proposed localization method.

Main Results:

  • The FBG sensor network effectively monitored strain characteristics and impact signals.
  • The proposed ZNCC algorithm with thickness correction successfully removed temperature cross-sensitivity and impact energy influences.
  • The localization method achieved a maximum error of 24.41 mm and an average error of 15.67 mm.
  • Variable-thickness normalization significantly enhanced impact localization performance for VTCL.

Conclusions:

  • The developed optical fiber sensing system and localization algorithm are effective for monitoring and locating LVI in VTCL.
  • The proposed method addresses the challenges of complex structures and lack of prior knowledge.
  • The achieved localization accuracy meets engineering application requirements, enhancing structural health monitoring capabilities.