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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

A Murine Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy
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Olfactory and Gustatory Function before and after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy.

Cecilia Berro1, Alfonso Luca Pendolino2,3, Mirto Foletto4,5

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Bariatric surgery, specifically laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), may improve olfaction by enhancing the olfactory threshold. However, taste perception and food pleasantness can worsen post-surgery, particularly with age.

Keywords:
MMSEbariatric surgeryolfactory thresholdsleeve gastrectomysmelltastetaste quality

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Area of Science:

  • Bariatric Surgery
  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Perception

Background:

  • Bariatric surgery is a leading treatment for morbid obesity.
  • Changes in taste and smell are reported post-surgery, but findings are inconsistent.
  • Further research is needed to clarify sensory alterations after bariatric procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on olfactory and gustatory senses.
  • To analyze post-operative changes in taste and smell perception in obese patients.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 18 obese patients undergoing LSG and 15 obese controls.
  • Sensory tests (Sniffin' Sticks, whole mouth test) administered at baseline and 6 months post-surgery.
  • Additional assessments included SNOT-22, VAS for taste/smell, and MMSE.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvement in olfactory threshold observed in the LSG group at 6 months (p=0.03).
  • Olfactory threshold changes correlated with cognitive function (MMSE) and baseline gustatory identification.
  • No significant changes in gustatory identification, but taste worsened in 9 LSG patients, correlating with age.

Conclusions:

  • Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy can lead to improved olfaction, linked to an enhanced olfactory threshold.
  • While gustatory identification remains unchanged, bariatric surgery may negatively affect the pleasantness of food.
  • Sensory perception changes post-LSG warrant further investigation, considering factors like age and cognitive function.