Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

35.2K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
35.2K
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

47.7K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
47.7K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

259
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
259
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

13.0K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
13.0K
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

24
A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
24
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

24.0K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
24.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

COVID-19 vaccination among people with HIV in Uganda: lessons from a high-risk group with high vaccine uptake for the next pandemic.

Vaccine·2026
Same author

Brief Report: Dolutegravir-Based Therapy, Diet, Physical Activity, and Weight Gain: A 48-week Prospective Cohort in South Africa.

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)·2025
Same author

Real-world Prevalence of Nonintegrase INSTI Resistance-Associated Mutations and Virological Outcomes in People Who Have Recently Acquired HIV-1 in the United Kingdom.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2025
Same author

Population Effectiveness of Dolutegravir Implementation in Uganda: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study (DISCO), 48-Week Results.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2024
Same author

Identification of 2 Novel Subtypes of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 8 and a Potential New Genotype Successfully Treated With Direct Acting Antivirals.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2024
Same author

HIV transmission dynamics and population-wide drug resistance in rural South Africa.

Nature communications·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

18.0K

Coevolved Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Influences Integrase Drug Susceptibility and

Supang A Martin1, Patricia A Cane1, Deenan Pillay2

  • 1Antiviral Unit, Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTIs) resistance mutations in HIV-1 pol evolve with protease and reverse transcriptase mutations. Coevolved protease and RT impact InSTI susceptibility and viral fitness, potentially limiting future treatment options.

Keywords:
HIV-1drug resistanceintegrase strand transfer inhibitorsreplication fitnesssingle genome sequencing

More Related Videos

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
11:19

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Published on: May 4, 2015

11.3K
Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
10:34

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

7.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

18.0K
Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
11:19

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Published on: May 4, 2015

11.3K
Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
10:34

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

7.7K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Drug Resistance

Background:

  • Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTIs) are key components of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV-1.
  • Understanding the evolution of drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 pol is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of drug resistance mutations within the HIV-1 pol gene.
  • To assess the impact of these mutations on InSTI susceptibility and viral fitness.

Main Methods:

  • Single-genome sequencing of full-length HIV-1 pol from a treatment-experienced patient.
  • Phenotypic drug susceptibility assays using patient-derived HIV-1 genomes.

Main Results:

  • Genetic linkage observed between InSTI resistance mutations (Y143, Q148, N155) and protease inhibitor (PI)/reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) resistance mutations.
  • Most patient-derived IN genes with InSTI resistance mutations showed decreased viral fitness.
  • Coevolved protease (PR) and RT genes partially restored viral fitness and influenced InSTI susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • Coevolved PR + RT plays a significant role in the susceptibility and fitness of patient-derived IN viruses.
  • Continued cART in failing patients selects for fitter resistant strains, narrowing therapeutic options.