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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Updated: Oct 18, 2025

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What Babesia microti Is Now.

Heidi K Goethert1

  • 1Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA 01536, USA.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Morphologically identified Babesia microti parasites represent a complex species. Phylogenetic analysis reveals at least five distinct clades, highlighting cryptic diversity impacting life cycle studies and parasite identification.

Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Morphological identification of Babesia microti is complicated by its nature as a paraphyletic species complex.
  • Increasing global reports of B. microti-like parasites necessitate a re-evaluation of their diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and report on the current knowledge of the diversity within the Babesia microti species complex.
  • To analyze phylogenetic relationships among B. microti-like parasites using molecular data.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences.
  • Utilized sequences obtained from the GenBank database.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed a significant increase in the diversity of the B. microti species complex.
Keywords:
BabesiaBabesia microtidiversityphylogenetic analysis

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  • At least five distinct clades within the B. microti species complex were identified.
  • Cryptic diversity complicates the understanding of B. microti life cycles and host-parasite interactions.

    • Conclusions:

    • The Babesia microti species complex exhibits greater diversity than previously recognized.
    • Current biological studies may be impacted by uncertainty in parasite identification due to cryptic diversity.
    • Future research requires precise parasite identification and specific PCR primers for accurate studies.