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Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Field Postmortem Rabies Rapid Immunochromatographic Diagnostic Test for Resource-Limited Settings with Further Molecular Applications
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Further Characterization of Rio Grande Virus and Potential for Cross Reactivity with Rift Valley Fever Virus Assays.

Mitchell S Szymczak1, Will K Reeves2, Myrna M Miller3

  • 1College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.

Viruses
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Published Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) diagnostic reagents can cross-react with Rio Grande virus (RGV), a U.S. phlebovirus. This finding is crucial for accurate diagnosis and preventing costly agricultural responses.

Keywords:
Rift Valley fever virusRio Grande virusUnited Statesantigenic cross-reactionphlebovirussand-fly-transmittedsouthern plains woodrat

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Phleboviruses are emerging pathogens transmitted by sandflies, causing febrile and neurological illnesses.
  • Rio Grande virus (RGV) is the only U.S. phlebovirus, found in Texas, with evidence of infecting sheep and horses.
  • Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a significant African phlebovirus impacting livestock and humans, with potential introduction to North America posing a threat.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if serologic reagents for RVFV diagnostics can detect RGV infections.
  • To assess antigenic cross-reactivity between RGV, RVFV, and other New World phleboviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Western blots and immunocytochemistry assays were employed.
  • Antibody detection was compared for RGV, RVFV, Punta Toro virus, and Anhanga virus using RVFV diagnostic reagents.

Main Results:

  • Antigenic cross-reactions were identified when using published RVFV diagnostic reagents.
  • These cross-reactions indicate that RVFV reagents can detect RGV.

Conclusions:

  • Findings are critical for interpreting diagnostic tests and avoiding false positive RVFV diagnoses.
  • Accurate diagnosis prevents unnecessary public health concerns and economically damaging agricultural regulatory actions, such as quarantine and trade restrictions.