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Related Concept Videos

Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

281
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
281
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

263
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
263
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

444
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
444
Permeability of Concrete01:25

Permeability of Concrete

258
Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...
258
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

250
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
250
Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

157
Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
157

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Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites: Review and Perspective.

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  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan.

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Summary

Self-sensing concrete (SSC) offers a cost-effective method for structural health monitoring. This review details SSC components, methods, and performance under various conditions, highlighting its application in structures.

Keywords:
cementitious compositesdamage detectionelectrical resistivityself-sensingstructural health monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Structural Health Monitoring

Background:

  • Self-sensing concrete (SSC) is a smart composite material with inherent sensing capabilities.
  • It presents a cost-effective solution for real-time structural health monitoring (SHM) in concrete structures.
  • Its potential for widespread application in civil infrastructure is significant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of self-sensing concrete technology.
  • To detail the components, dispersion methods, and mix design of SSC.
  • To discuss recent advancements, material properties, and performance under various conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on self-sensing concrete.
  • Analysis of self-sensing materials for smart composites.
  • Investigation of signal measurement and behavior under different loading conditions.
  • Discussion of factors influencing electrical resistance (e.g., environmental factors, frequency).

Main Results:

  • Detailed information on SSC components, dispersion, and mix design is presented.
  • Recent research findings on self-sensing materials and their properties are included.
  • The behavior of SSC under various loading conditions and environmental influences is analyzed.

Conclusions:

  • Self-sensing concrete is a promising technology for structural health monitoring.
  • Understanding factors influencing its electrical resistance is crucial for reliable performance.
  • Emphasis is placed on the practical application of SSC in both new and existing structures.