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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
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Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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SARS-CoV-2 Mutations and their Viral Variants.

Begum Cosar1, Zeynep Yagmur Karagulleoglu2, Sinan Unal2

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Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mutations drive new variants, impacting vaccine efficacy. Understanding viral variations is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies and multi-drug combinations against human coronaviruses (hCoVs).

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continuously accumulates mutations during replication, leading to the emergence of new variants.
  • The increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants poses challenges to existing vaccines and antiviral therapies.
  • Limited effective therapeutic and preventive strategies against human coronaviruses (hCoVs) highlight the need for ongoing research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze the growing body of literature on SARS-CoV-2 mutations and viral variations.
  • To examine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 mutations, particularly in the glycoprotein S and receptor-binding domain (RBD), on vaccine escape and therapeutic strategies.
  • To explore how understanding viral disguises can inform the development of more effective clinical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature survey was conducted focusing on SARS-CoV-2 mutations, variant emergence, and their implications.
  • Analysis of mutation locations and their effects on viral protein affinity, especially concerning vaccine targets.
  • Examination of current knowledge regarding the differences between mutant SARS-CoV-2 strains and the original virus.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 mutations, especially within the glycoprotein S and RBD, are directly linked to vaccine escape.
  • Viral variations necessitate a re-evaluation of current therapeutic and preventive strategies.
  • Understanding the specific characteristics of different mutant forms is key to identifying optimal treatment approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting multiple viral proteins, rather than single sites, is essential for developing robust vaccines and antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
  • The study of SARS-CoV-2 mutations and their frequencies is critical for guiding the development of effective multi-drug combination therapies.
  • Continued research into viral variations is vital for advancing clinical applications and combating human coronavirus infections.