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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material
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Published on: December 20, 2024

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Effect of using different component combinations for orthodontic bracket bonding with self-etch primers.

Isabel Knaup1, Eva Weber2, Antonia Böddeker2

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. iknaup@ukaachen.de.

Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics = Fortschritte Der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/Official Journal Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Kieferorthopadie
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Self-etch primers offer comparable bond strength to etch-and-rinse systems for orthodontic bracket bonding. However, combining different self-etch components may negatively impact clinical performance and increase enamel fracture risk.

Keywords:
Adhesive remnant indexAll-in-oneEtch-and-rinseShear bond strengthTooth enamel fracture

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Orthodontics
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Orthodontic bracket bonding relies on adhesive systems to ensure treatment success.
  • Self-etching primers offer a simplified bonding procedure compared to traditional etch-and-rinse methods.
  • Evaluating the bond quality of different self-etch primer and adhesive combinations is crucial for clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the in vitro bonding quality of orthodontic brackets using various self-etch primer and adhesive combinations.
  • To assess the shear bond strength, adhesive remnant index (ARI), and enamel fracture rates of different bonding systems.

Main Methods:

  • Metallic brackets were bonded to bovine incisors using self-etch and etch-and-rinse systems.
  • Shear bond strength was tested according to DIN-13990 standard.
  • Adhesive remnant index (ARI) and enamel fractures were microscopically evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Self-etch and etch-and-rinse systems demonstrated clinically adequate shear bond strengths, with no statistically significant differences between them.
  • A combination of BrackFix® primer SE and Transbond™ XT adhesive resulted in significantly lower shear bond strength.
  • The combination of Transbond™ Plus primer and BrackFix® adhesive led to a significantly higher rate of enamel fractures.

Conclusions:

  • Self-etch primers provide bond strength equivalent to etch-and-rinse primers for orthodontic bracket bonding.
  • Mixing components from different self-etch bonding systems can compromise clinical performance and increase the risk of enamel damage.