Real-Time Observation of "Soft" Magic-Size Clusters during Hydrolysis of the Model Metallodrug Bismuth Disalicylate

Colloidal bismuth therapeutics have been used for hundreds of years, yet remain mysterious. Here we report an X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) study of the solvolysis of bismuth disalicylate, a model for the metallodrug bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). This reveals catalysis by traces of water, followed by multistep cluster growth. The ratio of the two major species, {Bi₉O₇} and {Bi₃₈O₄₄}, depends on exposure to air, time, and the solvent. The solution-phase cluster structures are of significantly higher symmetry in comparison to solid-state analogues, with reduced off-center Bi³⁺ displacements. This explains why such "magic-size" clusters can be both stable enough to crystallize and sufficiently labile for further growth.