Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

92.5K
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
92.5K
Ethnic Identity within a Larger Culture01:27

Ethnic Identity within a Larger Culture

116
Adolescents from ethnic minority backgrounds face a multifaceted journey in forming their identities, shaped by the intersections of cultural expectations and personal exploration. For these adolescents, identity formation involves not only typical developmental challenges but also navigating the perceptions and attitudes of the majority culture. As they grow, adolescents in ethnic minority groups often become increasingly aware of stereotypes, social biases, and discrimination, all of which...
116
Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other01:20

Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other

40
According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group...
40
Surveys02:16

Surveys

16.1K
Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
16.1K
Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison01:27

Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison

42
Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
42
Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

142
Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
142

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

How do Asian Americans interpret and respond to "everyday" interpersonal racism?

The American journal of orthopsychiatry·2026
Same author

Decolonizing Mentorship In Psychology: Experiences of Accessible and Culturally Responsive Support Among Diverse Doctoral Trainees.

Training and education in professional psychology·2026
Same author

Reclaiming love, wisdom, and healing through decolonial and liberation psychologies: A call to action.

The American psychologist·2025
Same author

Coping with racial discrimination: a preliminary examination of coping strategies in college students at a University in Northeastern U.S.

Journal of American college health : J of ACH·2023
Same author

Mindfulness and Valued Living in the Face of Racism‑Related Stress.

Mindfulness·2023
Same author

Evaluating and dismantling an intervention aimed at increasing White people's knowledge and understanding of racial justice issues.

The American journal of orthopsychiatry·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting
14:43

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Published on: January 12, 2018

12.2K

Development of the Resistance and Empowerment Against Racism (REAR) Scale.

Karen L Suyemoto1, Tahirah Abdullah2, Danielle Godon-Decoteau2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Asian American Studies, Critical Ethnic and Community Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston.

Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed the Resistance and Empowerment Against Racism (REAR) scale to measure how people of color confront racism. The scale shows good reliability and validity for assessing empowered responses to racism.

More Related Videos

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

18.6K
Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
08:13

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Published on: May 10, 2019

6.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 18, 2025

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting
14:43

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Published on: January 12, 2018

12.2K
Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

18.6K
Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
08:13

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Published on: May 10, 2019

6.5K

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Racism poses significant threats to the psychological well-being of people of color.
  • Existing measures may not fully capture the multifaceted nature of responding to racism.
  • There is a need for validated instruments to assess proactive and empowered responses to racial discrimination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Resistance and Empowerment Against Racism (REAR) scale.
  • To provide a tool for examining how individuals of color respond to racism.
  • To assess the potential of these responses in moderating the adverse psychological effects of racism.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty items were developed using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methods.
  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on a sample of 953 participants (723 women, 230 men of color).
  • Construct validity and 2-week test-retest reliability were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • A four-factor model of the REAR scale was supported: Awareness and Relational Resistance; Participation in Resistance Activities and Organizations; Interpersonal Confrontation; and Leadership for Resistance.
  • The REAR scale demonstrated good internal reliability and construct validity.
  • The scale exhibited adequate 2-week test-retest reliability.

Conclusions:

  • The REAR scale is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring resistance and empowerment against racism.
  • It can be used by researchers and clinicians to study proactive responses to racism among people of color.
  • Findings suggest that empowered actions to challenge racism may buffer its negative psychological impacts.