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Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Fecundity in transgender men.

Elizabeth A J Salzer1

  • 1Elizabeth A.J. Salzer is a clinical associate professor in the PA program at the Pace University-Lenox Hill Hospital in New York, N.Y., and practices at Mount Sinai Medical Center and in a private practice in the Bronx. The author has disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.

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Summary

Transgender men using testosterone and having sex with cisgender men can conceive. This article covers reproductive care options for transgender men, whether they want to prevent pregnancy or plan for conception.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Transgender Health

Background:

  • Premenopausal transgender men may retain reproductive organs.
  • Exogenous testosterone use is common in transgender men.
  • Sexual activity with cisgender men is a factor in conception potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the potential for conception in transgender men.
  • To outline reproductive care strategies for transgender men.
  • To address both pregnancy prevention and conception planning.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on transgender men's reproductive health.
  • Analysis of hormonal effects on fecundity.
  • Clinical case considerations for reproductive counseling.

Main Results:

  • Transgender men using testosterone can remain fecund.
  • Reproductive potential varies based on individual physiology and testosterone dosage.
  • Effective contraception and fertility treatments are available.

Conclusions:

  • Reproductive healthcare for transgender men requires individualized assessment.
  • Discussions about fertility desires should be routine.
  • Access to comprehensive reproductive services is crucial.