Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

2.2K
Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
2.2K
Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

Protein Transport to the Stroma

2.0K
Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
Protein complexes called the translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane or TOC complex, and the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane or TIC complex mediate the...
2.0K
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

2.1K
Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
2.1K
Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

Protein Transport to the Thylakoids

2.4K
Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
2.4K
Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

17.4K
Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
17.4K
Protein Dynamics in Living Cells01:19

Protein Dynamics in Living Cells

2.4K
Different fluorescence-based techniques are used to study the protein dynamics in living cells. These techniques include FRAP, FRET, and PET.
Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a fluorescent-protein-based detection technique used to quantify protein movement rates within the cell. This method exposes a small portion of the cell to an intense laser beam. The laser beam causes permanent photobleaching of the fluorophore-tagged proteins in the exposed region. As the bleached...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Characterization of the C4 proteins encoded by okra-infecting geminiviruses in India.

BMC plant biology·2026
Same author

Membrane lipid-derived heptanedioic acid primes defence and systemic growth in plants.

Plant physiology·2026
Same author

EXECUTER-Mediated Singlet Oxygen Signaling in Plants: Mechanisms, Evolution, and Functional Diversification.

Plant communications·2026
Same author

Trp521 oxidation affects FtsH2 stability and its role in PSII repair.

The New phytologist·2026
Same author

Intra-viral protein-protein interactions could expand the functional portfolio of C4 in okra-infecting geminiviruses.

Virus research·2026
Same author

Machine learning, bioinformatics analysis and chemical screening streamline target validation by identifying RNA helicase as a druggable essential protein in tobacco mosaic virus.

Journal of advanced research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts
06:29

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts

Published on: December 10, 2018

10.1K

Protocol for evaluating protein relocalization from the plasma membrane to chloroplasts.

Laura Medina-Puche1,2, Chanhong Kim1, Rosa Lozano-Duran1,2

  • 1Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.

STAR Protocols
|September 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new protocol to track plant proteins moving from cell membranes to chloroplasts. The method combines imaging and biochemistry for accurate analysis of protein relocalization.

Keywords:
Cell BiologyCell MembraneCell separation/fractionationMicroscopyPlant sciencesProtein Biochemistry

More Related Videos

Isolation of Physiologically Active Thylakoids and Their Use in Energy-Dependent Protein Transport Assays
12:25

Isolation of Physiologically Active Thylakoids and Their Use in Energy-Dependent Protein Transport Assays

Published on: September 28, 2018

11.1K
Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics
10:28

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics

Published on: October 19, 2018

21.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts
06:29

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts

Published on: December 10, 2018

10.1K
Isolation of Physiologically Active Thylakoids and Their Use in Energy-Dependent Protein Transport Assays
12:25

Isolation of Physiologically Active Thylakoids and Their Use in Energy-Dependent Protein Transport Assays

Published on: September 28, 2018

11.1K
Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics
10:28

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics

Published on: October 19, 2018

21.6K

Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Some plant proteins possess dual targeting signals for membrane and chloroplast localization.
  • These proteins can relocate from membranes to chloroplasts under specific cellular cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel protocol for analyzing and evaluating protein relocalization.
  • To quantify protein movement between the plasma membrane and chloroplasts.

Main Methods:

  • Combines advanced imaging techniques with biochemical analyses.
  • Enables reliable and quantitative tracking of protein movement.

Main Results:

  • Provides a robust method for studying dynamic protein trafficking.
  • Facilitates understanding of dual-targeted protein behavior in plants.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol offers a comprehensive approach to investigate protein relocalization.
  • Essential for understanding plant cell signaling and organelle communication.