Influence of laser and alkali treatment on an Ag/TiO₂nanotube based dopamine sensor

Herein, TiO₂nanotubes (T-NTs) arrays were subjected to two types of treatment followed by a simple metal deposition technique to significantly enhance the performances of T-NTs based electrochemical sensing of dopamine. The first type of treatment was done by soaking T-NTs in sodium hydroxide solution for an optimal time to enhance the conductivity and charge carrier density. The second type of treatment employed was laser irradiation, which induces crystallinity disorder and forms rutile TiO₂, promoting active analyte adsorption sites. Afterward, silver (Ag) was electro-deposited on the T-NTs as a dopamine sensing catalyst to form T-NTs/Ag nanohybrids. The dual-treated T-NTs based sensor showed 3-fold enhancement in sensitivity (from 8.2μA mM^-1cm^-2to 32μA mM^-1cm^-2), reduced charge transfer resistance (from 38 × 10^-6Ω to 0.7 × 10^-6Ω), above 2 order higher donor charge density (from 3.58 × 10¹⁸cm^-3to 1.41 × 10²¹cm^-3), and reduced limit of detection (from 32.3μM to 2.8μM) in comparison to plain T-NTs based sensor. In addition, the sensitivity reported here is significantly higher than most of the previously reported TiO₂based dopamine sensors. Perspective-wise, the dual treatment approach is a promising technique and is highly desirable for enhancing the performances of T-NTs and other nanomaterial based electrochemical sensors.