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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Adoptive Transfer of IL-33-Stimulated Macrophages into Bleomycin-Induced Mouse Models to Study Their Effect on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis In Vivo
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IL-33 in Rheumatic Diseases.

Yuanji Dong1, Jixin Zhong1, Lingli Dong1

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

Frontiers in Medicine
|September 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has a dual role in rheumatic diseases. It can worsen conditions like rheumatoid arthritis but also aid in tissue repair and regulatory T cell activation.

Keywords:
IL-33ST2alarminautoimmunerheumatic disease

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a nuclear factor found in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts.
  • IL-33 is implicated in various conditions including allergies, infections, cancer, fibrosis, inflammation, and rheumatic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual role of the IL-33/serum stimulation-2 (ST2) axis in rheumatic diseases.
  • To explore how IL-33's function varies based on pathological context.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on IL-33 and ST2 in rheumatic diseases.
  • Analysis of IL-33's interactions with immune cells like mast cells, ILC2s, Tregs, Th2 cells, NK cells, and macrophages.

Main Results:

  • The IL-33/ST2 axis can have detrimental effects in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • IL-33 also demonstrates protective functions, promoting barrier epithelium repair and regulatory T cell activation.

Conclusions:

  • The impact of the IL-33/ST2 axis in rheumatic diseases is context-dependent, exhibiting both harmful and beneficial effects.
  • Understanding this duality is crucial for developing targeted therapies for rheumatic immune diseases.