Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

2.1K
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
2.1K
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

447
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
447
Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

263
Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
263
Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

300
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
300
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

755
In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
755
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

851
Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
851

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Physician Approaches to Determining Goals of Stroke Care for Patients Living With Disability or Dementia: Results from the SEED Mixed-Methods Study.

Stroke·2026
Same author

Failed resolution of inflammation in intracerebral haemorrhage.

Nature reviews. Neurology·2026
Same author

Phase 2 Futility Trials in Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cohort Analysis of the ADNI Data Set.

Neurology·2026
Same author

Application of the 2024 McDonald Criteria in Individuals With Nonspecific Symptoms or Incidental Imaging Findings in a Multicenter Study.

Neurology·2026
Same author

Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in primary progressive multiple sclerosis, including older patients and those with more advanced disease (ORATORIO-HAND): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3b study.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same author

Men's health research priorities in men with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinical·2026
Same journal

Assessing Progression Independent of Relapse Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Using a Patient-Reported Disability Measure and Self-Administered Neuroperformance Outcomes.

Annals of neurology·2026
Same journal

AQP4 and MOG Characterize the Autoantibody Landscape of Checkpoint Blockade-Induced Optic Neuritis.

Annals of neurology·2026
Same journal

Five Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Science: Sailing the Ship of Theseus.

Annals of neurology·2026
Same journal

Reply to "Clinical Value of Aneurysm Wall Enhancement in Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm".

Annals of neurology·2026
Same journal

Clinical Value of Aneurysm Wall Enhancement in Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm.

Annals of neurology·2026
Same journal

Imaging of Neurovascular Compression in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

Annals of neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

12.5K

Hydroxychloroquine for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Marcus W Koch1,2, Sharanjit Kaur1, Kayla Sage1

  • 1Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.

Annals of Neurology
|September 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) shows promise for treating primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) by reducing disability worsening. Further clinical trials are recommended for this neuroprotective drug.

More Related Videos

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.2K
The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis
11:39

The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis

Published on: July 11, 2013

39.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

12.5K
The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.2K
The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis
11:39

The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis

Published on: July 11, 2013

39.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is challenging to treat with current immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapies.
  • Chronic microglial activation is a key factor in PPMS pathophysiology.
  • Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an antimalarial drug, demonstrates in vitro neuroprotective effects and reduces human microglial activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in reducing disability worsening in patients with PPMS.
  • To assess HCQ as a potential treatment for PPMS, particularly in the absence of overt focal inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • A single-arm, phase II futility trial involving 35 participants treated with 200 mg oral HCQ twice daily for 18 months.
  • Exclusion of participants with contrast-enhancing lesions on MRI to focus on disability worsening without overt inflammation.
  • Primary endpoint: ≥20% worsening on the timed 25-foot walk between 6 and 18 months, analyzed using a Simon 2-stage design.

Main Results:

  • The study met its primary endpoint, with only 8 out of 35 participants experiencing clinically significant worsening (less than the expected 40%).
  • HCQ was generally well-tolerated, with 82% reporting adverse events and 12% reporting serious adverse events, most unlikely related to HCQ.
  • The observed rate of worsening (22.8%) was significantly lower than the 40% null hypothesis threshold.

Conclusions:

  • Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment was associated with reduced disability worsening in individuals with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS).
  • HCQ presents a promising therapeutic candidate for PPMS and warrants further investigation in randomized controlled trials.