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Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm
Published on: May 15, 2019
Infants are sensitive to cultural differences in emotions at 11 months
Liquan Liu1,2,3, Mieke du Toit1, Gabrielle Weidemann1,2
1School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.
Abstract:
A myriad of emotion perception studies has shown infants' ability to discriminate different emotional categories, yet there has been little investigation of infants' perception of cultural differences in emotions. Hence little is known about the extent to which culture-specific emotion information is recognised in the beginning of life. Caucasian Australian infants of 10-12 months participated in a visual-paired comparison task where their preferential looking patterns to three types of infant-directed emotions (anger, happiness, surprise) from two different cultures (Australian, Japanese) were examined. Differences in racial appearances were controlled. Infants exhibited preferential looking to Japanese over Caucasian Australian mothers' angry and surprised expressions, whereas no difference was observed in trials involving East-Asian Australian mothers. In addition, infants preferred Caucasian Australian mothers' happy expressions. These findings suggest that 11-month-olds are sensitive to cultural differences in spontaneous infant-directed emotional expressions when they are combined with a difference in racial appearance.
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