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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

47
Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
47
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

72
IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
72
Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

52
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
52
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

83
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
83
Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management01:27

Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management

74
A comprehensive nursing assessment is essential for patients with valvular heart disease, which involves any dysfunction of the heart valves that could impact blood flow and overall heart function.Subjective Data Collection:Chief Complaint and Present Illness: Start with the patient's primary concerns, focusing on the onset, duration, and progression of cardiac symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, and palpitations.Past Medical History: Collect detailed information on any previous...
74
Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management01:26

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

46
Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...
46

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Updated: Oct 18, 2025

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair
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Mitral annular calcification and valvular dysfunction: multimodality imaging evaluation, grading, and management.

Bo Xu1, Duygu Kocyigit1, Tom Kai Ming Wang1

  • 1Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk J1-5, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

European Heart Journal. Cardiovascular Imaging
|September 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) involves calcium in the mitral valve, linked to heart issues. This study reviews imaging and proposes a new classification system for MAC severity.

Keywords:
calcific mitral stenosiscalcium scoringcardiac computed tomographyechocardiographymitral annular calcificationmitral regurgitationmultimodality imagingtranscatheter mitral valve repairtranscatheter mitral valve replacement

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is calcium deposition in the heart's mitral valve fibrous skeleton.
  • MAC is associated with mitral valve dysfunction, increased cardiovascular risk, arrhythmias, and endocarditis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review multimodality imaging for evaluating MAC and associated valvular dysfunction.
  • To propose a novel classification system for MAC severity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography (CT) for MAC assessment.
  • Development of a classification system based on qualitative and quantitative imaging measurements.

Main Results:

  • Echocardiography is the primary tool for mitral valve assessment.
  • Cardiac CT is valuable for procedure planning and quantitative MAC grading.
  • A new classification system for MAC severity is proposed.

Conclusions:

  • Current MAC classification lacks universal acceptance.
  • A standardized, multimodality imaging-based classification system is needed.
  • The proposed system integrates echocardiography and CT for comprehensive MAC evaluation.