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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Dried Blood Spots - Preparing and Processing for Use in Immunoassays and in Molecular Techniques

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Interpretation of HBV Serologies.

Philippe J Zamor¹, Ashley M Lane²

¹Division of Hepatology, Carolinas Medical Center-Atrium Healthcare, 1025 Morehead Medical Drive, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA.

Clinics in Liver Disease

|October 1, 2021

Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection detection, serologies, and genotypes are reviewed. Understanding HBV markers and mutations is crucial for managing disease progression and treatment.

Keywords:

Acute HBV Anti-HBc Chronic HBV HBV DNA HBeAg-Negative HBeAg-Positive HBsAg

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Area of Science:

Hepatology
Virology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Hepatitis B was discovered during investigations into transfusion-associated jaundice.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was identified through extensive research efforts.
Understanding HBV's origins and transmission is key to public health.

Purpose of the Study:

To review diagnostic tests for detecting HBV infection (past or active).
To discuss the significance of Hepatitis B surface antigen as a treatment endpoint.
To explore the global distribution and clinical impact of various HBV genotypes.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on HBV serologies and diagnostics.
Analysis of HBV genotypes and their association with disease progression.
Examination of HBV mutations and their clinical significance.

Main Results:

Specific tests accurately detect HBV exposure and active infection.
Hepatitis B surface antigen is a valuable tool for defining treatment success.
HBV genotype C is linked to increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk.
HBV serologies and DNA levels correlate with disease progression.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive understanding of HBV serologies, genotypes, and mutations is essential for effective patient management.
Monitoring infected individuals requires specific recommendations based on disease markers.
Further research into HBV pathogenesis and treatment strategies is warranted.