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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method
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On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

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High-performance AEM unitized regenerative fuel cell using Pt-pyrochlore as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst.

Pralay Gayen1,2, Sulay Saha1,2, Xinquan Liu1,2

  • 1Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new Pt-Pb2Ru2O7-x electrocatalyst enhances fixed-gas unitized regenerative fuel cells (FG-URFCs). This bifunctional catalyst shows improved oxygen evolution and reduction reaction activity, boosting FG-URFC performance and efficiency.

Keywords:
bifunctionality indexoxygen evolution reaction (OER)oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)pyrochloreunitized regenerative fuel cells

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Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance
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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Fixed-gas unitized regenerative fuel cells (FG-URFCs) performance is limited by oxygen electrocatalyst bifunctionality.
  • Effective bifunctional electrocatalysts require high activity for both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate a novel Pt-Pb2Ru2O7-x electrocatalyst for FG-URFC applications.
  • To assess the bifunctional OER and ORR activity of Pt-Pb2Ru2O7-x compared to benchmark catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Pt-Pb2Ru2O7-x by depositing platinum (Pt) onto Pb2Ru2O7-x.
  • Electrochemical characterization of OER and ORR activity, including overpotential measurements.
  • Testing of FG-URFC performance using Pt-Pb2Ru2O7-x and Pt/C as electrocatalysts.

Main Results:

  • Pt-Pb2Ru2O7-x demonstrated superior OER (η@10mAcm-2 = 0.25 ± 0.01 V) and ORR (η@-3mAcm-2 = -0.31 ± 0.02 V) activity compared to IrO2 and Pt/C benchmarks.
  • The catalyst exhibited a significantly lower bifunctionality index (0.56 V), indicating a more symmetric activity profile.
  • FG-URFCs utilizing Pt-Pb2Ru2O7-x achieved a round-trip efficiency of 75% at 0.1 A/cm-2.

Conclusions:

  • Pt-Pb2Ru2O7-x is a promising bifunctional electrocatalyst for anion exchange membrane (AEM) FG-URFCs and metal-air batteries.
  • The improved bifunctionality and performance highlight advancements in AEM FG-URFC electrocatalyst design.