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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Cellular effects of terahertz waves.

Olga P Cherkasova1,2, Danil S Serdyukov1,3, Eugenia F Nemova1

  • 1Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation.

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|October 1, 2021
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Summary

Research on terahertz (THz) radiation

Keywords:
THz biophotonicsTHz dosimetryTHz exposures of biological molecules, cells, and tissuesTHz medical diagnosis and therapyTHz technologyTHz-wave–tissue interactionsthermal and nonthermal effects of THz waves

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical optics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Terahertz (THz) biophotonics is rapidly advancing, creating interest in THz radiation's biological effects.
  • Limited knowledge exists regarding safe THz exposure limits for medical applications.
  • Systematic studies on various THz exposure modes are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on the biological effects of THz wave exposure on tissues and cells.
  • To highlight the current state of knowledge and identify research gaps.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of THz wave-tissue interactions and modern THz emitters.
  • Analysis of THz exposure effects at molecular, cellular, and organismal levels.
  • Distinguishing between thermal and non-thermal interaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Summarized current research findings on THz exposure effects on living systems.
  • Identified challenges in estimating THz biological effects' specificity.
  • Highlighted issues with experimental reproducibility due to limited setups and protocols.

Conclusions:

  • The review consolidates current knowledge on THz radiation's biological effects.
  • It aids the biomedical optics community in understanding THz cell exposure.
  • It paves the way for developing THz safety standards and therapeutic applications.