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Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is when the aortic valve does not close or seal properly, leading to backward blood circulation from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. Common causes of AR include rheumatic heart disease, congenital valve defects, and aortic root dilation. Managing AR requires a multifaceted approach to alleviate symptoms, preserve left ventricular function, and address the underlying cause of the regurgitation. Patients with symptomatic AR or significant left...

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement from Autologous Pericardium with a Self-Expandable Nitinol Stent in an Adult Sheep Model

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement from Autologous Pericardium with a Self-Expandable Nitinol Stent in an Adult Sheep Model

Published on: June 8, 2022

Current and future transcatheter aortic valve replacement valves.

Rachel Eikelboom¹, Ricky Muller Moran¹, Weiang Yan¹

¹St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, WInnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

Current Opinion in Cardiology

|October 1, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review compares current and investigational transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) devices, focusing on Edwards SAPIEN S3 and Medtronic Evolut PRO+. Further advancements are needed for expanded TAVR indications and improved valve durability.

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Upper-extremity Approach for Secondary Access in Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

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Published on: August 8, 2025

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Medicine
Interventional Cardiology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Aortic stenosis management has been revolutionized by transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).
Continuous innovation in TAVR valve technology is essential for expanding clinical applications.
The development of more durable and safer prosthetic valves remains a key objective.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and compare currently available commercial TAVR valves.
To analyze investigational and preclinical TAVR valves.
To highlight the design features and clinical outcomes of Edwards SAPIEN S3 and Medtronic Evolut PRO+.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized trials.
Comparative analysis of TAVR valve designs and clinical data.
Evaluation of clinical evidence for specific TAVR devices.

Main Results:

Detailed comparison of Edwards SAPIEN S3 and Medtronic Evolut PRO+.
Summary of clinical outcomes for commercial and investigational TAVR valves.
Identification of clinical scenarios favoring specific TAVR devices.

Conclusions:

TAVR technology has significantly advanced aortic stenosis treatment.
Ongoing research and development are crucial for future TAVR improvements.
Enhanced valve durability and expanded indications are key future goals for TAVR.