Characterization of microplastics in indoor and ambient air in northern New Jersey

Airborne microplastics (MPs) could have negative impacts on human health and pollute water, soil, and sediment. This study explored the distributions, compositions, and morphology of airborne microplastics in the indoor and ambient air in New Jersey, United States. Microplastic fibers, films, and fragments of Polystyrene (PS), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polyethyelene (PE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Polypropylene (PP) were identified in office, hallway, classroom, and single-family house in this study. The deposition rates of synthetic fibers with length from 35 μm to 1000 μm were highest in the single-family house ((1.96 ± 1.09) × 10⁴ fibers/m²/day) and lowest in the classroom ((6.20 ± 0.57) × 10³ fibers/m²/day), suggesting that residential houses are a major source of microplastic fibers. However, for film-like plastics with surface areas ranging from 200 μm² to 5000 μm², a high deposition rate of (8.13 ± 2.17) × 10³ films/m²/day was observed in the classroom, whereas the lowest deposition rate of (4.45 ± 0.27) × 10³ films/m²/day was found in the hallway, probably because plastic films such as PE are intensively used in the classroom environments. The deposition rate of microplastics in the ambient air acquired on a building roof was only about 2-8% of the indoor deposition rates. The microplastics with similar textures but different sizes were identified in both total atmospheric deposition and particulate samples (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), suggesting degradation from microplastics to nanoplastics. The main microplastics found in indoor air samples were PE fragments or fibers, different from those in the outdoor ambient air that were dominated by PVC fragments. These results unravel the properties of airborne microplastics in urban environments that are important to understanding their fate, transport, and potential health risks.