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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

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Liquid-cladded optical phased array for a single-wavelength beam steering.

Binghui Li, Caiming Sun, Hongjie Wang

    Optics Letters
    |October 1, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a liquid-cladded optical phased array (OPA) for efficient beam steering. This technology enables precise light direction control using tunable liquid claddings, offering potential for low-power, all-fluidic applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science
    • Optofluidics

    Background:

    • Optical phased arrays (OPAs) are crucial for beam steering applications.
    • Traditional OPAs often face limitations in steering range and complexity.
    • Developing novel OPA designs for enhanced performance is an active research area.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a simple concept for single-wavelength beam steering using a liquid-cladded OPA.
    • To demonstrate beam steering by modifying waveguide effective index with liquid claddings.
    • To explore the potential for low power consumption and all-fluidic beam steering.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication and characterization of a 32-channel liquid-cladded OPA prototype.
    • Utilizing a wide range of liquid refractive indices (1.0 to 1.63) for tuning.
    • Combining liquid cladding tuning with discrete wavelength tuning (785 nm, 852 nm, 940 nm).

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a maximum steering angle of over 10° at 940 nm using liquid claddings.
    • Demonstrated a quasi-continuous beam steering range exceeding 29° by combining liquid and wavelength tuning.
    • The high refractive index range of liquids enabled significant beam deflection.

    Conclusions:

    • The liquid-cladded OPA offers a simple and effective method for beam steering.
    • Integration with optofluidic systems presents opportunities for advanced, low-power optical control.
    • This approach shows promise for future all-fluidic, single-wavelength beam steering systems.