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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

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Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Functional intersections between extracellular vesicles and oncolytic therapies.

Ryan A Clark1, Zoe G Garman2, Richard J Price3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

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Minimally invasive cancer therapies like radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy significantly impact extracellular vesicles (EVs). Understanding these effects is key to developing advanced EV-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Minimally invasive focal therapies are crucial for nonviral oncolysis in cancer treatment.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a significant role in tumor progression and are modulated by oncolytic therapies.
  • A deeper understanding of biological responses is needed to optimize oncolytic therapies and combinations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of focal therapies on EV biology.
  • To highlight advances in EV-based drug delivery systems utilizing these therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) and their effects on EVs.
  • Analysis of recent developments in EV-mediated drug delivery strategies.

Main Results:

  • Focal therapies like radiotherapy, PDT, and TUS potently modulate EV production and content.
  • EVs can be engineered for targeted drug delivery, enhanced by oncolytic therapies.
  • Emerging strategies leverage therapeutic modalities to improve EV-based cancer treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Modulation of EVs by focal therapies offers new avenues for cancer treatment strategies.
  • EV-based drug delivery systems show promise when combined with oncolytic focal therapies.
  • Further research into EV-therapy interactions can optimize combination approaches for improved patient outcomes.